Final Presentation

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  • Post published:April 30, 2020
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Project Description Over the last number of decades, the amount of furniture in landfills has increased dramatically along with the demand for fast furniture. While inexpensive and quick to produce, these cardboard and plywood furniture pieces often contain toxic chemicals and only last a short time before being thrown away and replaced. Growing furniture from mushrooms benefits the environment by absorbing carbon-dioxide during production, and reduces the need for furniture disposal once the product reaches end-of-life. Mycelium is the main body of fungus, that when grown together with crop waste forms a water resistant, flame retardant, and fully biodegradable Styrofoam-like solid. Mycelium furniture is grown from this composite into simple modular shapes. Once grown, the pieces are attached using bamboo components. The modules can be disconnected and rearranged to form stools, benches, and chairs, adapting to fit environmentally-conscious furniture into different types of indoor spaces. Slide by Slide Presentation Transcript Slide 1 Hi, I’m Myles, and for my capstone I worked on creating mycelium furniture and I also designed modular mycelium furniture for possible production.  Slide 2 I'm going to begin by talking a little bit about the topics connected to the project as well as how they connect to each other, mainly sustainability, furniture, and the connection being the environmental effects of the fast furniture industry.  Slide 3 I began this project with my interest in bioplastics, which are plastics derived from biological materials as opposed to petroleum, and I started learning about them and other sustainable materials in my sophomore year Materials Lab D-block where we explored and created our own bioplastics.  I wanted to create furniture and I decided to do it in a mid-century/Scandinavian minimalist style, which is the style that I've been influenced and inspired by. So when I began the project, I set out to design mid-century modern furniture that incorporates bioplastic and CNC milling, CNC milling being basically a computer-controlled drill bit that can carve and cut materials, and I wanted to learn how to use that as well as create interesting furniture designs with it.  Slide 4 Some background on mid-century modern design, these are a few notable examples, but it's generally characterized by clean lines and a lot of attention to detail with warm inviting curvature.  Slide 5 Sustainability is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Historically, this has meant finding a balance between the consumption and regeneration of resources, so if you were going to make paper you would make sure that you don't cut down more trees than could grow back, but now this expanded more to being conscious of the environmentally detrimental effects of the resources we use and the byproducts we create. This means making sure that we understand the effects on the local ecosystems between the time we remove a resource from the environment and when it regenerates. It also means making sure we don't release toxins back into the environment from…

NuVu Platform

I have moved most of my current work on this project to the NuVu Platform. You can access my newly posted precedents here.

NuVu Platform

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  • Post published:April 12, 2020
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From now on, most new posts will be on the NuVu Platform, accessible via the NuVu on the top right of this site, or by this direct link here.

Second Base: Done

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  • Post published:April 12, 2020
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All four slices stackedSecond three-slice base (natural finish)Bottom slice I wanted to make sure the mycelium was fully dry before photographing it, so I let the pieces dry for a number of weeks as opposed to just the couple days recommended before baking. Now I have two bases with three slices each, and an additional bottom slice that may be attached to one of the larger sections.

Second Base: Out to Dry

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  • Post published:March 16, 2020
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Larger piece out to drySmall slice out to dry Today I removed the plastic from the mycelium pieces and left them to dry. I plan to bake them in a couple days before testing their moisture levels, then I will need to see if I am going to attach the smaller piece to the main one for a taller stool.

Second Base: Incubating

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  • Post published:March 13, 2020
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Weighted and separated from plasticExtra slice after 2 days under weight Today I tried to remove the weights (books) from the mycelium and pull the plastic away from the sides so the white coating can start to grow. I had some metal toilet paper holders, so I clipped the plastic bag to the holders to pull it away from the mycelium. There will probably still be some places where the plastic touches, but it should allow much more of the coating to develop than my last attempt. In the process, I accidentally pulled one of the layers off of the base, so I added the books back. Hopefully it will stitch together again (and be stronger than it was before).

Second Base: Stacking Slices

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  • Post published:March 10, 2020
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Stacked mycelium with weightsMycelium before demoldingStacked mycelium in plastic Today I demolded the mycelium slices and stacked them. The cups do seem to have taken up more space in the mold than the last spacers I used, which explains the extra mycelium I had. Since my oven can only fit 3 slices stacked at once, I chose not to add the fourth slice at this stage. I might add it after they are fully dry, or maybe not at all. While stacking the slices, I tried to press them together a little bit to help fill in some of the gaps that were left in my first attempt, so we will have to see how that works. In a few days I will try to pull the plastic away so the mycelium can grow the white coating over it, then I will leave everything out to dry.

Second Base: Filling Molds

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  • Post published:March 4, 2020
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All of the filled moldsFilled mold closeupMycelium after 5 days Today I filled the molds for the second base. It took a long time for the mycelium to hydrate because my basement was too cold, so after five days it had not grown at all, but it seemed ready today. I used plastic cups as spacers this time since I knew I would need the spacers, unlike last time. I used the same amount of mycelium, but I was actually able to fill a fourth mold this time. It is probably because I did not compress the mycelium as much, but we will have to see.

Second Base: Hydrating Mycelium

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  • Post published:February 23, 2020
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Today I hydrated the mycelium to make another piece using the molds from the previous foot stool. I purchased three bags again because I am trying to recreate existing one, not fill the molds entirely. In five or six days I should be able to fill the molds, this time using actual spacers rather than the plastic wrap and paper towel that I used last time. Once I have both pieces, they can be table bases, or if they are the same height, I might be able to use them to make a bench.

Mycelium Chair

Tara Sisman's Mycelium Chair I stumbled upon this design today. This chair is a solid piece of mycelium that has been grown into the wooden legs. The seat rested on the mold with the outside edge completely exposed. This is the best image I could include since the images on the main post are protected, but you can find more here.

Simpler Chair Design

Mid-Century inspired chair If I do end up making a mycelium and bamboo chair, a design similar to this seems like a possibility. This particular chair is just mid-century inspired, but the shapes of the wood component should be fairly simple to CNC mill, and I could grow two squares of mycelium instead of the cushions, which would only require a simple mold. Other views of this exact chair can be found here.

Noguchi Table

Noguchi Table (Source: Herman Miller) The Noguchi Table, designed by Isamu Noguchi in 1945, is one of the most iconic mid-century furniture designs. It is so popular that both the original and many copies are still sold today. I plan to base my coffee table design off of the Noguchi Table by growing a simplified version of the base components out of mycelium. You can find more images on Herman Miller's website here.

Foot Stool: Processing

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  • Post published:January 26, 2020
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Foot stool after sandingBack of foot stool after sandingCloseup of crumbling mycelium I have renamed this project to foot stool, since it is no longer a side tablet (too short). In the last post, I mentioned the possibility of sanding and coating the mycelium for a better finish, and I have decided to do just that. I started hand sanding the stool, which worked for the mycelium itself but didn't get very far with the hemp hurds, so I switched to a sander. Some of the more even points of contact blended well, but there are still raised areas and deep gaps. When I tried to keep sanding down the raised areas, I ended up reaching a point where the mycelium started to crumble away instead of sanding down, so I had to stop. I found that milk paint could work for covering the piece after I smooth it out. Milk paint is biodegradable and zero VOC. Lime activates the proteins in milk which cause it to stick to the surface. I will order some, probably in white, to paint with, and since it ships as a powder I can store it before use. I thought of using a starch based glue mixed with the sawdust from sanding in order to fill in gaps, but since starch based glue is water soluble, I won't be able to paint over the piece after filling the gaps, so I am not using the glue after all. I started researching alternatives that I could use to smooth out the entire piece now that bits are beginning to pull away, and it seems that there is a sustainably sourced resin coating that could work, but it is not available in the US. I might look into making a bioplastic and using it as a form of joint compound or skim coat, but it will have to be water-resistant.

The Growing Pavilion

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rbsj9fzykNsThe Growing Pavilion is located in the Netherlands, and is constructed almost entirely of biomaterials. The goal of the project is to create a structure with the lowest CO2 emissions possible. The walls are made of mycelium and coated in a sustainably sourced resin. You can read more about it on New Company Hero's website. There are also some nice images in this Dezeen article.

Side Table: Dry

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  • Post published:January 5, 2020
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Foot stool fully dryTop view The mycelium component of the foot stool is now dry, and I baked it to kill off the fungus. There are some brown/orange spots and the seams don't line up, so I might sand it down and put some kind of finish over it before adding the bamboo top, but that won't happen for a while. It is now a single piece, so the growing the slices together worked.

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Side Table: Ready to Dry

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  • Post published:December 20, 2019
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Foot stool set out to dryCloseup Today I removed the stacked mycelium from the incubating bag and set it out to air dry. The slices seem to have grown together well, so it should stay in one piece. The areas where the bag touched the mycelium are not fully coated in the white powdery coating, but I'm fine with it. The white part seems to flake off and get all over everything in my previous tests, so I may need to scrape/sand it off, or maybe even seal or paint the final piece. Because I only have three slices, the resulting foot stool should fit into my oven, so I have brought the piece home to air dry, and I will bake it when I have a chance. Yesterday I worked on my presentation. I created a diagram showing the textures of the mycelium throughout the growth process, and I redesigned some previous slides.

Side Table: Stacking Sections

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  • Post published:December 17, 2019
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Stacked slices sealed and weighed downStill covered, fully grown sliceCloseup of condensation on myceliumSpace where spacer used to beSpacers after being removedUncovered stacked slicesCovered stacked slices Today I removed the slices of the side table from their molds. It was surprisingly easy to remove them, much easier than the plastic mold I purchased from grow.bio. I was able to get out the spacers that I had put in to reduce the amount of mycelium needed for each piece, and then I stacked the three slices. I put everything in a larger bag, and after sealing it and poking holes for condensation to escape, I put two heavy textbooks on top to keep everything in place. In two days I should be able to take the piece out and let it air-dry. I am a little bit worried about the three slices growing together because the sides that touch are not fully flat, but I think it will be more of a visual issue.

Side Table: Filling Molds

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  • Post published:December 12, 2019
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Larger mold with two spacersAll three bags of mycelium after hydratingHydrated myceliumCovered, broken up, mycelium Paper towel and plastic wrap spacerAll three filled moldsCovered filled mold ready to grow Today I broke up the three bags of mycelium and filled the molds to form the slices of the side table. It did not go as planned. I think I miscalculated the volume of mycelium that I would need, so I did not have enough to fill all of the molds. I noticed that the three packages did not look like much when I received them, but I did not think anything of it. It took 2.5 bags just to fill 2 molds, so I wanted to place cups in the center of the molds to take up space that would not be structurally important to the final shape. I could not access any cups in time, so I had to resort to crumpled up paper towel wrapped in plastic wrap. This is not at all sustainable, since I will probably have to through it all out later, but my work is more of a proof-of-concept. If this were to be manufactured, no paper spacers would be needed, just like cardboard and tape molds will not be used in a manufactured version. I also ran into a timing issue, so I had to stop working and cover everything in the morning before coming back to work in the afternoon. I ended up with two almost fully filled molds and one that will be thinner. The piece will have to be a foot stool since it will probably only be 10 inches tall (I couldn't make all of the slices). Now I have to wait 5- days until I can start growing the pieces together (I still have to figure out how to hold them together without a stabilized clamp. I need to make sure they can at least air-dry by the time winter break starts, then I will bake the piece after break.

Side Table: Hydrating Mycelium

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  • Post published:December 4, 2019
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Three bags of hydrated myceliumDry mycelium Today I rehydrated the three bags of mycelium for the side table. I followed the same process as in the original test (following the written and video instructions from grow.bio). Now I need to wait four to five days (12/8-9) before I can break it up and fill the cardboard molds to start the growing process.

Side Table: Mold Making

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  • Post published:November 28, 2019
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All five cardboard molds for the side tableSketchup model of side table and unwrappedRhino model unwrappedPrinted and assembled templateCardboard tableTape-wrapped molds layeredFinal molds stacked Over the last two days I have begun working on the side table to grow out of the mycelium. In order to create cardboard molds, I needed to figure out what pieces I needed to create the conical shape. I modeled the design in Fusion 360, but it does not have an easy way to unroll the 3d shape into a template, so I recreated it in Sketchup, which has an extension to to the unwrapping. I could not figure out how the export the file correctly, so I tried Rhino3D. I knew Rhino could do exactly what I wanted, but I had already used up the trial. I ended up taking a screenshot of the result because I couldn't export anything, then I resized it in Photoshop. I printed it as a poster to tile the image across multiple pages. After trimming all of the pages, I could tape them together to get a full template. I cut a piece of cardboard to match the template, then I tested out how the shape would look. I liked how it had a teardrop shape instead of being perfectly round, so I decided to keep the design that way. The next day, I cut the thinner strips from the full cardboard sheet because I need to grow the mycelium in thinner, 4 inch thick, sections for better airflow. Grow.bio has a tutorial for making cardboard molds, and they recommend covering the cardboard in packing tape so that the mycelium will not grow into the paper, so I spent the entire day working on that. I then cut teardrop shapes as base pieces and attached them to make sure that the mold hold their shape. This is not the most environmentally friendly, since I am covering everything in plastic, but if this product was produced, a single reusable mold would be used instead of a cardboard and packing tape one. After calculating the volume of the table, I found that I need about 2.5 bags of mycelium, so I ordered three. I will hydrate them when they arrive, then I can begin growing the pieces for the side table.

Testing Mycelium: Final Formed Objects

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  • Post published:November 13, 2019
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Planter angled viewMiniature chair assembledMiniature chair separate Miniature chair seatMiniature coffee table front viewMiniature coffee table topMiniature coffee table baseBricksSphere and partial brickSphere/material closeup Today I cleaned up the edges of the mycelium test objects and photographed them. I hope to try sanding some of the pieces to see if it is an option for smoothing. Originally, I thought it would be a bad idea to sand the pieces because I would lose the white coating on top, but it leaves a residue on anything that touches it, so leaving the pieces without the coating is not that big of a deal. I also want to try breaking the pieces to see how strong they are. The texture seems styrofoam-like, so I don't know that it will be strong enough. I am thinking of switching the order in which I try out shapes for the mycelium. Originally, I planned to try the most complicated seat design and then simplify it if it did not work out, but it makes more sense to build up to a complicated design so that I have something even if the next trial does not work. I think I will start by making a side table/stool, and then try a coffee table or a two piece chair design with the mycelium as the seat and back 'padding.' If everything works out and I still have time, I might move on to trying out a single piece chair.

Eames Fiberglass Side Chair

Upholstered Eames Molded Fiberglass Side Chair (source: Herman Miller) While beginning the design process for my chair, I started looking at mid-century modern furniture, since that is when plastics and mass-produced furniture really started. I want to recreate a design using the mycelium and bamboo, so I was looking for something simple and small enough to fit in the kilns at school. Charles and Ray Eames were really big in mid-century furniture. They designed many of the pieces we still associate with the design style today, and Herman Miller still produces many of their popular designs. One of their most iconic designs is the fiberglass armchair, which was also available as a side chair without the arms. The formed fiberglass seat was dangerous to produce, so it was switched to plastic, only to be brought back by Herman Miller after they found a safer manufacturing method. The chairs can still be purchased from Herman Miller, and are available with upholstery, as well as different base options. You can take a look at some more photos of the chairs on Herman Miller's website here.

Testing Mycelium Step 3 (Part 2) Update

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  • Post published:November 7, 2019
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Moisture Meter It has been over a week since I last attempted to dry the mycelium. I have been checking on the air dry process, and two days ago I realized that all of the pieces are around 50 percent of their original mass and not getting lighter, so they are probably fully dry. The instruction from the grow.bio are probably for a different mycelium mixture that they used to sell, so the the final mass could be different. To check, I ordered a moisture meter that I need for the full chair anyway. It arrived today, and each mycelium piece registers as 5 percent or less moisture, which is the low end of what grow.bio says. They say that a full dry piece should be between 5 and 12 percent moisture, so everything is dry. I can now continue the design for the chair which I began last Wednesday, and then possibly order more mycelium. I checked the sizing of the kilns at school, so I know what size I can make the chair, and I have a space to work, so I just need to set everything up.

Testing Mycelium Step 3 (Part 2)

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  • Post published:October 29, 2019
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Percent of original mass, and bake timePlanter air dried before bakingChair air dried before baking, beginning to yellow a bitCoffee table base air dried, edges a bit brownTiny pieces air dried Today I tried to bake the mycelium test pieces that have been air drying for 2 days. The pieces are supposed to be baked at 200 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes, and they are supposed to end up about a third of their original mass. When I checked on the pieces before baking them, I noticed that some had started to yellow or turn brown around the edges. I'm not sure what caused that, but it isn't too noticeable (the planter is not white because it was in a mold, so the color on it is from the crop waste itself. I could have let it grow in a bag for a few days to turn fully white, but I didn't). It didn't go ask I planned. I ended up baking some of the pieces for an hour, and the rest for the 30 minutes, but none of them are fully dry. One piece was even damp to the touch after baking. I'm going to air dry them for another day or two, then I will bake them again. Hopefully it will work.

Testing Mycelium Step 3 (Part 1)

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  • Post published:October 27, 2019
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All items removed from molds and placed out to start dryingFully grown mini bricks and sphere still coveredPlanter removed from mold and set out to dryMiniature chair in open airMiniature coffee table base in open airSphere in open airMini bricks removed from molds Today I removed the mycelium test pieces from their molds and set them out to dry. Removing the planter proved extremely difficult until I realized that hitting the mold with a mallet in the same spot over and over would release the opposite side, and I had previously been rotating the piece around. I weighed each piece to determine their wet mass, that way I will be able to weigh them again once they have dried to make sure they are about a third of their original weight, meaning that they are fully dry. The piece need to dry in open air for 1 or 2 days before I can put them in the oven. And once I do, I will be able to see how the final piece turned out.

Testing Mycelium Step 2

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  • Post published:October 20, 2019
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All of the mycelium products laid out to growMycelium still in the filter bag after hydratingTop view of planter using mold purchased from grow.bioAngled view of planterAngled view of hand sculpted mini chair and basehand sculpted mini chairTop view of place mat or mini coffee table and cylinder baseTop view of mini objectsAngled view of mini objects Today I completed step two of the mycelium growth process for testing. I removed the mycelium out of its filter bag where it had been starting to grow for 5 days. I crumbled all of it up, added flour, and then split it in half to add the sculpting mix to half of it. I hope it was grown enough, because I left it for 5 days and the instructions said 4-5, but the outside was not all white, and it was really easy to crumble. I filled the planter mold that I purchased from grow.bio with the regular mycelium mixture and compressed it. I was surprised that it took half of the mycelium to fill the mold when the walls are actually pretty thin. I guess it just compresses a lot. Once that was complete, I covered the mold in plastic wrap and poked holes for condensation to get out. After that, I started working with the sculpting portion of the mycelium. I had to mix all of it in, and then I started to make a miniature model of a chair. It was good that I did this testing now, because I learned that the mycelium doesn't stick to itself that well even with the sculpting mix. If you compress it, it does stick, but trying to get any complex shape is difficult. I has to use large curves and thick sides to make the chair, and then I just made a mound to use as a base since I could not make anything resembling legs. I had extra sculpting mix mycelium, so I tried out making a thin sheet, which would be what a tabletop or flat chair seat would be. This was easier than a complex shape, but getting a nice circle wasn't too easy. I also tried to make a cylindrical base as if this was a miniature table, but instead of compressing it I left the mycelium fairly loose. This was much easier, and it will be good to know if it is actually a method I can use and have it be strong. I also made some mini items, like some bricks that may or may not release from the mold, and a sphere because I thought it would look cool. Getting the spherical shape was surprisingly difficult because every time I tried to smooth it out, the compression would release and it would fall apart. Now that everything is covered and growing, I need to wait 4-6 days before I can weigh the objects and start drying them on October 24-26. Hopefully they are all stable.

MycoWorks

https://youtu.be/3Dg6IleHm-k MycoWorks holds a patent on methods for working with mycelium. The inventor is Phil Ross, who also founded MycoWorks. They now produce mycelium leather substitutes. Their website can be accessed here The patent can be viewed here

Mycotech

Mycotech is an Indonesia-based mycelium startup that makes mylea (mycelium leather), biobo (mycelium boards), and the mycotree (a demonstration of how mycelium and bamboo can be used in architecture). I can't post any images since they are protected, but their website can be accessed at https://www.mycote.ch/

First Day (Mycelium Testing Step 1)

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  • Post published:October 15, 2019
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Today I rehydrated the small batch of mycelium for testing. I now know why the instructions said to wear goggles to stop alcohol from getting in your eyes. The mist from spraying it stays for a while, and I ended up inhaling some. It was not fun. The mycelium will now sit for 4-5 days (until october 19th or 20th) before I can move on to the next step where I will crumble it up and then split half to add the sculpting mix. It is great that I can leave in the fridge for 2 weeks after 4-5 days so I don't have to worry about exact timing.

Video Instructions for Preparing Mycelium

I Found these video tutorials on working with the mycelium available through Ecovative Design's grow.bio site (where I purchased mycelium). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04kN81MHt0ohttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5KdSqiR97Ahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6Jjft9b_po

Received Mycelium

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  • Post published:October 15, 2019
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I ordered a single order of mycelium last week, and it arrived last Friday. I still need to re hydrate it before I can test anything, but I have everything I need to begin testing. I also purchased a small mold to see how that process works, as well as a batch of the sculpting add in that should allow me to test how sculpting the chair seat could work.

Krown Designs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iQGDtiPzFUKrown Designs sells mycelium supplies in Europe, as well as selling their own mycelium furniture, lamps, and accessories. This video showcases a 3d printed chair that was made using PLA (polylactic acid), a bioplastic, that they 3d printed in hollow pieces and filled with mycelium. They did not kill the fungus, so the mycelium strengthened the piece and continued to grow, resulting in the formation of mushrooms.

MYCOsella

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxDcVbZav84I found this architecture dissertation project where the student tried making the mycelium mixture. They ended up purchasing it, and used a plastic IKEA chair as a mold to grow a chair fully out of mycelium. Since it was just dried out, the fungus is not dead, so if it gets wet mushrooms might sprout. The student has a full write up available here

Pinterest

You can follow my pinterest board where I am pulling together mycelium furniture precedents and mid-century modern design inspiration. https://pin.it/uhvf6adi2zmluf

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